Fundamentally, at 2,000-plus amps and 0.6 volts, one milliohm of trace resistance dissipates roughly a kilowatt — forcing the converter under the package, current flowing up vertically. Our second-gen part: 3 A/mm², up to 40x current multiplication, 1.5 mm thin. You judge all three together, not one alone. To be clear, vertical-power modules aren't Vicor-only — Empower, Infineon, ADI, TDK, Flex supply them. The claimed edge is at the highest current-density loads, where we say our approach meets the requirement. Whether rivals close that gap at the frontier remains an open question.